What Is Macular Degeneration?

Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is an eye disease that damages the macula—the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It can make reading, recognizing faces, and seeing fine details difficult. AMD usually does not cause complete blindness because peripheral vision is generally preserved.

There are two main types: dry AMD and wet AMD.

Early Warning Signs

Early AMD may have no symptoms. As it progresses, you may notice:

• Blurry or less-sharp central vision
• Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
• Straight lines appearing wavy or crooked
• A blurry or blank spot in central vision
• Difficulty seeing in low light
• Colors appearing less bright

Sudden changes in central vision or newly wavy lines should be evaluated promptly because they may indicate wet AMD.

What Causes Macular Degeneration?

Age is the biggest risk factor, but other factors can increase the risk, including:

• Family history
• Smoking
• High blood pressure or cholesterol
• Poor diet and inactivity

Having risk factors does not mean you will develop AMD.

Dry vs. Wet AMD

Dry AMD

Dry AMD is the more common form. It usually develops gradually as the macula becomes thinner or damaged. Advanced dry AMD can cause significant central vision loss.

Wet AMD

Wet AMD is less common but can progress quickly. Abnormal blood vessels grow near the retina and leak blood or fluid, damaging the macula.

How Is AMD Diagnosed?

An eye doctor can detect AMD through a dilated eye exam. Additional tests may include:

• OCT: Creates detailed images of the retina.
• Amsler grid: Checks for distortion in central vision.
• Fluorescein angiography: Helps identify abnormal blood vessels and leakage.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type and stage of AMD.

For dry AMD, doctors may recommend monitoring, lifestyle changes, and AREDS2 supplements for certain patients. Low-vision aids can also help people with significant vision loss.

For wet AMD, anti-VEGF injections are the main treatment. They can reduce abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage and help protect vision.

Can AMD Be Prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent AMD, but you can reduce some risks by:

• Not smoking
• Eating a nutritious diet
• Exercising regularly
• Managing blood pressure and cholesterol
• Getting regular eye examinations
• Reporting new vision changes promptly

The Bottom Line

Macular degeneration mainly affects central vision and becomes more common with age. Early AMD may have no symptoms, while wet AMD can cause rapid vision changes. Regular eye exams and timely treatment can help protect vision and maintain independence.